What is Down Syndrome? Down Syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to three types: trisomy 21 (T21), mosaicism, and translocation: Trisomy 21 accounts for 95% of DS cases, where each cell has three separate copies of chromosome 21; Mosaicism accounts for 1-2% of DS cases, where some cells have the normal number of 46 chromosomes, while some have 47 due to the extra copy of chromosome 21; Translocation accounts for 3-4% of DS cases, where a...

The human brain is widely considered to be the most complex object in the universe, making the race to identify, diagnose, and treat neurodegenerative diseases crucial. In the 1990s, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was diagnosed using cognitive tests and brain imaging, often requiring a post-mortem autopsy for a definitive diagnosis. Treatments focused on managing symptoms rather than targeting the cause, and the lack of understanding meant that it was often too late to intervene and stop it from...